Agriculture and Irrigation: PV systems serve as a vital power source in agriculture for activities like irrigation, particularly beneficial in remote areas where grid connectivity is limited​​.

Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): These systems are integrated into the architecture of buildings, either on rooftops or walls, to generate electricity while also serving structural functions. BIPV can also offer passive cooling effects for buildings​​.

Indoor Applications: Indoor PV systems power low-energy devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), like smart sensors and communication devices, using ambient light from sources like LEDs and fluorescent lights​​.

Solar Powered Pumps: Used in areas without grid access, solar pumps are cost-effective for applications like livestock watering and replenishing remote drinking water storage tanks​​.

Rural Electrification: In developing countries, PV systems have been instrumental in providing lighting and power to remote villages, replacing traditional and less eco-friendly sources like kerosene lamps​​.

Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid Systems: These systems generate both thermal and electrical energy, making them more energy-efficient than standalone solar PV or solar thermal systems​​.

Utility-Scale Solar Farms: Large-scale solar farms generate significant amounts of electricity, contributing to national grids and providing renewable energy on a grand scale​​.

Hybrid Energy Systems: Combining solar PV with other renewable energy sources like wind turbines, these systems often yield better economic and environmental returns than single-source systems​​.